L’état congolais, a choisi de noyer le poisson en ce qui concerne l’affaire de l’occupation de Kahemba. Pour ce faire, les autorités du pays ont choisi le mutisme gêné au moment où l’occupation a été dénoncé, ensuite ce fut des déclaration intempestives comme celle de Kalume Denis, le général qui affirma que ces territoires étaient angolais. Vint l’envoi d’une commission mixte pour constater qu’il n’y avait aucune occupation. Et enfin le poisson étant tellement dur à noyer, le choix sera fait d’abattre Bemba Jean Pierre, et ainsi detourner les yeux du monde vers Kinshasa au lieu qu’ils soient braqués sur Kahemba.
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La verité est têtue, et le congolais en général est très jalou de l’intégrité de son territoire. Un vent favorable, selon l’expression consacrée, nous a apportée ce document du State department daté de 1974. Ce document est une étude des frontières internationales, effectué par le bureau des géographes du departement d’état. Sur 18 pages il décrit les frontières entre l’Angola et le Zaïre. Il est accompagné d’une carte assez claire. Comme il est en anglais, nous esperons qu’il aidera les autorités congolaises actuelles à mieux comprendre la préoccupation de ceux à qui ils font la guerre!
Congo River Sector – Approximately 75 miles long from the Atlantic Ocean to Noqui, the
Congo river sector is determined by a convention between Portugal and the Congo Free
State signed at Brussels on May 25, 1891.
In the River Congo (Zaire) and from its mouth to the parallel, passing 100 metres to
the north of the principal house of the Domingos de Souza at Nokki (Noqui), the line
separating the waters belonging respectively to the two States shall be the middle
line of the channel of navigation generally followed by vessels drawing a large
amount of water, which line actually leaves to the right, and comprises between it
and the right bank of the river, notably and amongst others, the fluvial islands named
Bulabemba (Ile de Bulabemba), Mateba, and Princes Iles; and leaves on its left and
comprises between it and the left bank of the river, notably and amongst others, the
fluvial islands known by the names of Bulicoco and Sacra Ambaca Isles, and from
the intersection of this median line by the above-mentioned parallel, this same
parallel as far as its intersection by the left bank of the river.
Noqui-Kwango Sector – Except for a short segment along the Mepozo and Duizi rivers
as established by a Belgo – Portuguese convention signed at Sao Paulo de Loanda on
July 22, 1927,2 the Noqui – Kwango sector is demarcated eastward in accordance with the
protocol signed at Brussels on July 5, 1913. Boundary pillar 1 is located north of Noqui,
and No. 42 ending the series is immediately west of the Lubishi. The protocol of 1913
affords the demarcation of the sector to the junction of the Mepozo and Mia as follows:
I. At Noki, the boundary starts from the point situated 100 meters north of the
principal building of the former trading station of Domingos de Souza and rejoins,
by a line running northwest to southeast and marked by six boundary-marks or
masonry pillars known as boundary-marks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, the parallel which
passes by the building, whose latitude, calculated by the commissioners of the two
Governments, is estimated as 5°52’02.5″.
II. From boundary-mark No. 6, the boundary consists of:
1. A straight line running from boundary-mark 6 to boundary-mark 7, erected
on a chiselled stone situated approximately 200 meters north of the parallel.
2. A straight line running from boundary-mark 7 to boundary-mark 8, situated
on a rocky crest 800 meters east of boundary-mark 7;
2 Ratifications of the convention of July 22, 1927, were exchanged at Lisbon on March 2, 1928.
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3. A straight line running S. 88° E. from boundary-mark 8 to boundary-mark
9, situtated near the road from Nevumo to Loango, 1,300 meters east of
boundary-mark 8. Boundary-mark 9 marks the beginning of Pako Stream
valley;
4. Pako Stream from boundary-mark 9 to the confluence of the Pako and the
Kumbi (Pako stream flows very noticeably in a west-to-east direction);
5. The Kumbi River from its junction with the Pako to its junction with the
Pozo;
6. The Pozo River from its junction with the Kumbi downstream to its junction
with the Mia.3
From the junction of the Mepozo and Mia to the intersection of the Duizi with the line
between boundary pillar Nos. 11 and 12, the convention of July 22, 1927, demarcates the
boundary.
Article 2. Portugal hereby cedes to Belgium full sovereignty over that part of the
territory of Angola contained within the following limits:
From the point where the M’Pozo River [Mepozo, Pozo] ceases to form the
Portuguese – Belgian boundary, near boundary-mark 10 (mouth of the Mia) to the
mouth of the Duizi River, located approximately 2,300 meters upstream from that
point;
The Duizi River, upstream from its junction with the M’Pozo to the present boundary;
and
The present boundary between the Duizi and the M’Pozo, passing through
boundary-marks 10 and 11.
The boundary then is again demarcated by the 1913 protocol as follows:
9. … [From the point where the Duizi intersects the line between boundary pillar
Nos. 11 and 12, this line southeastward] to boundary-mark 12, situated
3 Paragraphs 6, 7, 8, and 9 of the 1913 protocol read as follows: « 6. The Pozo River from its junction with
the Kumbi downstream to its junction with the Mia, which it follows upstream; 7. A straight line joining the
Mia junction to boundary-mark 10, situated ENE. of the junction and approximately 600 meters from it; 8.
A straight line running N. 62°E., joining boundary-mark 10 to boundary-mark 11, constructed of masonry
on a hillock of white-quartz blocks called Mozonze (approximately 500 meters north of the parallel); 9. A
straight line running S. 82°E., joining boundary-mark 11 to boundary-mark 12, situated approximately
5,200 meters east of boundary-mark 11 and about 400 meters south of the parallel on the north crest of
the Bumbe Mountains. »
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approximately 5,200 meters east of boundary-mark 11 and about 400 meters south
of the parallel on the north crest of the Bumbe Mountains;
10. A straight line running N. 88°E., joining boundary-mark 12 to boundary-mark 13,
approximately 10,300 meters east of boundary-mark 12, near Yoyo Village and on
the parallel. Marker 13 is a strong construction of masonry on the summit of a larger
boulder called Zanzaginga;
11. A straight line running east, joining boundary-mark 13 to boundary-mark 14 at a
distance of approximately 6,900 meters to the east. Marker 14 is set on the summit
of an odd cone called Safi;
12. A straight line running N. 86°E. from boundary-mark 14 to boundary-mark 15,
situated on the crest of Vunda at a distance of approximately 6,100 meters from
marker 14 and about 400 meters north of the parallel. A copper plate giving the
number of the boundary-mark is set into the masonry;
13. A straight line running N. 79°E. from boundary-mark 15 to boundary-mark 16,
situated on a low hill of (Zanza) Matenda at a distance of approximately 6,200
meters from boundary-mark 15 and about 1,600 meters north of the parallel;
14. A straight line running N. 87°E. from boundary-mark 16 to boundary-mark 17,
situated on Lemba Crest at a distance of approximately 8,300 meters from marker
16 and about 2,000 meters north of the parallel;
15. A straight line running N. 59 1/2°E. from boundary-mark 17 to the Luvu (Luvo)
River (the river is called Lufu at the point where it intersects the Matidi – Leopoldville
railway).
This straight line is determined by boundary-mark 17 and boundary-mark 17 A
situated on the right bank of the Luvu (Luvo) on Vonza Hill, at approximately 8,200
meters from boundary-mark 17.
The boundary from marker 17 to the Luvu (Luvo) measures 5,350 meters; its point
of intersection with the Luvu (Luvo) is approximately 1,200 meters downstream from
the junction of the Mahunze (southern tributary), and about 3,900 meters north of the
parallel;
16. The thalweg of the Luvu (Luvo) River from the point specified in paragraph 15,
downstream to its junction with the Lungezy (Lunguezy) River, which it follows
upstream;
17. The thalweg of the Lungezy (Lunguezy) River from its junction with the Luvu
(Luvo) River located approximately 2,300 meters north of the parallel, to the
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confluence of the Luvemba and Lungezy (Lunguezy) Rivers approximately 900
meters north of the parallel;
18. The thalweg of the Luvemba River from its north into the Lungezy (Lunguezy) to
its source;
19. A straight line running S.45°E. from the source of the Luvemba to boundarymark
18; this line is approximately 100 meters long. Marker 18 is about 2,500
meters south of the parallel;
20. A straight line running from boundary-mark 18 to boundary-mark 19, situated on
the low hill of Songa N’Tela at about 1,600 meters east of marker 18. Marker 19
bears a plate with the number 19.
Boundary-marks 18 and 19 are located on the small massif of Pinda from which
flow streams running into the Luvemba and the Lunguezy (west and north sides), to
the Loanza (Luanza) and the Kwilo (Cuilo) (north and east sides), and to the Luvu
(Luvo) (south side);
21. A straight line running S. 85°E., joining boundary-mark 19 to boundary-mark 20,
situated on the small hill called Mahulo (Maulo), at approximately 6,100 meters from
marker 19 and 3,024 meters south of the parallel;
22. A straight line running east and joining boundary-mark 20 to boundary-mark 21,
situated on Kandu (Cando) Ridge near the road from Kuluzu (Culuso) to Kinsende
(Quinsendi), 3,065 meters south of the parallel and about 5,000 meters from marker
20.
23. A straight line running N. 78°E. joining boundary-mark 21 to boundary-mark 22,
located on the high plain of Twankandu (Tuancando), about 4,900 meters from
marker 21 and 1,955 meters south of the parallel;
24. A straight line running S. 78°E. joining boundary-mark 22 to boundary-mark 23,
situated on Kianga (Quianga) Summit at approximately 1,000 meters from marker
22 and 3,939 meters south of the parallel;
25. A straight line running N. 78°E., joining boundary-mark 23 to boundary-mark 24,
situated on the small hill of Kintoto (Quintoto) at approximately 4,500 meters from
marker 23, 2,967 south of the parallel, and approximately 1,000 meters from the
right bank of the Kwilo (Cuilo) River, a tributary of the Congo (Zaire);
26. A straight line running N. 74°E., joining boundary-mark 24 to boundary-mark 25,
situated on the small hill of Mahono about 7,200 meters from marker 24,990 meters
south of the parallel, near the left bank of the Taba River, a tributary of the Loango;
Page 14
27. A straight line running N. 87°E., joining boundary-mark 25 to boundary-mark 26,
situated on the small hill of Tumpa approximately 16,000 meters from marker 25
and 342 meters south of the parallel. Near Tumpa Hill the Waka (Caua) flows
southwestward, the Totozy, northwestward, and the Zwila (Zuila) flows east and
north.
28. A straight line running N. 87°E., joining boundary-mark 26 to boundary-mark 27,
located on Muhalo (Mualo) Ridge at approximately 11,000 meters from marker 26
and 276 meters north of the parallel.
Muhalo (Mualo) Ridge divides the valley of the Tala (N’Tala) to the west of the
eastward-lying valley of the Muezy (Muezi);
29. A straight line running S. 89°E., joining boundary-mark 27, above the floor of the
valleys of the Muezy (Muezi), the Fulezy (Fulegi) and the Luidi, to boundary-mark 28,
situated on Voka de Kilombo (Voca Quilombo) Summit, approximately 18,600
meters from marker 27 and 50 meters north of the parallel;
30. A straight line running N. 89°E., joining boundary-mark 28 to boundary-mark 29,
located on the small hill of Yenga at about 3,100 meters from marker 29 and 103
meters north of the parallel;
31. A straight line running S. 88° joining boundary-mark 29 to boundary-mark 30,
situated on the small hill of Londe at about 8,900 meters from marker 29 and 137
meters south of the parallel;
32. A straight line running N. 89° joining boundary-mark 30 to boundary-mark 31,
located on the southern slope of Loango Ridge near the road from Kindompolo
(Quidompolo) to Sole, at approximately 8,600 meters from marker 30 and 169
meters north of the parallel;
33. A straight line running S. 88°E., joining boundary-mark 31 to boundary-mark 32,
situated on the north side of Loai Ridge near the source of the Bilundu (Bilundo)
River, which flows into the Vuleji (Vulagi), at approximately 15,000 meters from
marker 31 and 50 meters south of the parallel.
34. A straight line running N. 89°E., joining boundary-mark 32 to boundary-mark 33,
located on Bilundu (Bilundo) Ridge between the Vuleji (Vulagi) and Malumba
Rivers, about 4,700 meters from marker 32 and on the parallel;
35. A straight line running N. 89°E., joining boundary-mark 33 to boundary-mark 34,
located on Tihoango (Tioango) Plateau at about 15,500 meters from marker 33 and
432 meters north of the parallel;
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36. A straight line running N. 89°E., joining boundary-mark 34 to boundary-mark 35,
located on the southern edge of Kabambele (Cabembele) Plateau, near the source
of the Monga (Munga), at approximately 8,300 meters from marker 34 and 633
meters north of the parallel;
37. A straight line running S.83°E., joining boundary-mark 35 to boundary-mark 36,
situated on the western edge of Kimbele (Quimbele) Plateau, near the source of the
Luvemba, about 14,900 meters from marker 35 and 1,120 meters south of the
parallel;
38. A straight line running N. 88°E., joining boundary-mark 36 to boundary-mark 37,
situated on the eastern edge of Kimbele (Quimbele) Plateau at about 1,400 meters
from marker 36 and 1,095 meters south of the parallel;
39. A straight line running N. 86°E., joining boundary-mark 37 to boundary-mark 38,
situated on the hill of Tolula (Tolola) south of the Tsanga (Sanga) River, about 6,800
meters from marker 37 and 636 meters south of the parallel;
40. A straight line running N. 88°E., joining boundary-mark 38 to boundary-mark 39,
situated on the small hill of Suzy (Suzi), a rocky pinnacle just to the south of another
rocky hillock called Simba (Suzi and Simba both rise up out of the plain), about
23,500 meters from marker 38 and 134 meters north of the parallel.
This straight line connecting boundary-mark 38 to boundary-mark 39 passed by the
southern edge of the wooded ridge of Makunduke;
41. A straight line running N. 86°E., joining boundary-mark 39 to boundary-mark 40,
situated on Gabu (Gabo) Peak at about 8,100 meters from marker 39 and 772
meters north of the parallel;
42. A straight line running S. 89°E., joining boundary-mark 40 to boundary-mark 41,
situated on the high hillock of Kilambo (Quilambo) south of the confluence of the
Lubizy (Lubigi) and the Tchya (Tchea), approximately 20,000 meters from marker
40 and 587 meters north of the parallel;
43. A straight line running N. 88°E., joining boundary-mark 41 to the Lubizy (Lubigi)
River, passing through the auxiliary boundary-mark 42. This latter marker is 1,050
meters from marker 41;
44. The thalweg of the Lubizy (Lubigi) River from the point where it intersects the
straight line 41 – 42 to the point where it flows into the Kwilo (Cuilo);
45. The thalweg of the Kwilo (Cuilo) River from the confluence of the Lubizy (Lubigi)
and the Kwilo (Cuilo) to the point where it intersects the thalweg of the Kwango
Page 16
(Cuango), a tributary of the Congo (Zaire). The islands situated in this stretch of the
Kwilo (Cuilo) River remain in the possession of Belgium.
Should the river change its course, the islands thus formed would belong to Belgium
and islands again joined to the north or south bank would thereby belong to the
nation having sovereignty over that bank.
Kwango Sector – The boundary in this sector follows the thalweg of the Kwango between
its confluence with the Cuilo in the north and its confluence with the Utunguila in the south.
The treaty between Portugal and the Congo Free State signed at Lisbon on May 23, 1891,
stated that the boundary followed the thalweg of the Kwango from the 6th degree of south
latitude to the 8th degree. The declaration of March 24, 1894, by Portugal and the Congo
Free State stated that the boundary followed the thalweg of the Kwango to the river’s
confluence with the Utunguila. In the protocol of July 5, 1913, signed by Portugal and the
Congo Free State, the northern point of the sector was established as the thalweg of the
Cuilo to the river’s confluence with that of the Kwango.
Kwango-Kasai Sector – In accordance with the proces-verbal of June 30, 1923, the
alignment of the Kwango – Kasai Sector eastward from the confluence of the Kwango with
the Utunguila is as follows:
… the thalweg of the Utungila to the mouth of the Lola; the thalweg of the Lola to its
confluence with the thalweg of the Kombe at Lat. 8°05’46.6″; Lat. 8°05’46.6″S. to the
thalweg of the Wamba; the thalweg of the Wamba to the mouth of the Kambondu
(Uovo); the thalweg of the Kambondu to the mouth of the Kapakasa; the thalweg of
the Kapakasa to its source (southern branch); the line joining the source of the
Kapakasa to the source of the Kamapatsi; the thalweg of the Kamapatsi to its
junction with the Kombo; the thalwegs of the Kombo and the Kamanguna to Lat.
8°S.; Lat. 8°S. to the thalweg of the Lukai; the thalweg of the Lukai to Lat. 7°55’S.;
Lat. 7°55’S. to the thalweg of the Kwengo; the thalweg of the Kwengo to Lat. 8°S.;
Lat. 8°S. to the thalweg of the Luita; the thalweg of the Luita to its junction with the
thalweg of the Kwilu (7°34’24.3 S.);
Lat. 7°34’24.3″S. to the thalweg of the Kamabemba; the thalweg of the
Kamabemba to the mouth of the Kangulunga; the thalweg of the Kangulungu to its
junction with the Kongolo; the thalweg of the Kongolo to its junction with the Loange;
the thalweg of the Loange to Lat. 7°S., along that parallel to its intersection with the
thalweg of the Lovua; the thalweg of the Lovua to Lat. 6°55’S.; Lat. 6°55’S. to its
intersection with the thalweg of the Tshikapa; the thalweg of the Tshikapa at Lat.
7°17’S.; Lat. 7°17’S. to the thalweg of the Kasai.4
4 Demarcation tables attached to the proces-verbal of June 30, 1923, list the pillars erected along the line
from east to west with No. 1 [7°16’56.6″ S., 21°47’15.9″ E.] on the west bank of the Kasai about 600
meters north of the Nimbi Falls and No. 34 [8°05’46.6″ S., 18°04’34.9″ E.] at the crest of the Lola – Rio
Uamba watershed on the road crossing the boundary.
Page 17
Kasai-Luao Sector – The present alignment follows the thalweg of the Kasai from 7°17’S.
upstream as far as its junction with the Luao in accordance with the treaty between the
Congo Free State and Portugal signed at Lisbon on May 25, 1891. From the junction the
boundary follows the Luao upstream to its source, and then by a straight line to the closest
point on the Congo – Zambezi drainage divide near pillar 25 as specified in the Belgo –
Portuguese convention of July 22, 1927. The referenced boundary pillar was No. 25 of a
series erected between the Zambia tripoint and the Cassamba river as approved by the
protocol signed on September 15, 1915.
Congo-Zambezi Drainage Divide Sector – This sector is demarcated westward along
the Congo – Zambezi drainage divide from the Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) tripoint on the
24th meridian as marked by pillar 1 to No. 25 near the source of the Luao in accordance
with the Belgo – Portuguese protocol of September 15, 1915. As confirmed by an
exchange of notes on November 3, 1925, an Anglo – Portuguese protocol of March 5,
1915, demarcated the Angola – Northern Rhodesia boundary southward from the tripoint by
a series of pillars with No. 1 located at astronomical latitude 10°53’18.3″ south and
approximate longitude 23°59’58.3″ east. An unratified Anglo – Belgian protocol of
September 19, 1934, indicated that the tripoint with Angola on the Congo (Zaire) – Northern
Rhodesia boundary was marked by pillar 46 in a series numbered from east to west.
